Howdy,
Check your ignition timing if you are getting excessive kick back. I believe the stock specs call for 2.3mm BTDC. Try backing off to 2.0mm and see if that helps. (I run mine between 1.7 and 2.0mm but I have a PVL ignition.)
Unlikely you put the float bowl needle in upside down as... well.... unless you really use a lot of force it just won't go in that way. More likely the needle is scratched, has some crud on it, or has hardened and won't seal against the fitting in the carb body. Or you have debris wedged up in there that's not allowing a seal.
For engine oil I use regular old automotive 20w/40. Takes about .8 qt. There is a dip stick on the filler hole. With it unscrewed fill the case with oil until you get oil up to the hash marks on the stick.
Gas/oil ratio depends on what brand oil. I use Gold Spectro at 40/1.
Front sprocket can be obtained either from Sprocket Speciaties at
http://www.motorcyclesprockets.com or from Western Hills Honda at
http://www.westernhillshonda.com . Western Hills is a good source for old Honda parts in general.
Air filter can be obtained from Dave Boydston at AMS.
http://www.amsracing.com
As for grips, unless you want the original grips just pop into your local motorcycle store and use whatever suits your fancy.
For a front fender you'll probably have to look on EBay.
Front fork oil use either ATF or a 10w or 20w fork oil. (ATF can be a little rough on the seals but generally works fine.)
HTH,
Loren